All 13 tenses tested in FCE. Focus on the formula column and check time expressions — they are always the strongest clue in Use of English.
⚠ Exam tip: Stative verbs (know, believe, want, need, love, own, seem) never take continuous forms. Also: Present Perfect ≠ Past Simple — if there is a specific time (yesterday, in 2010, ago), use Past Simple.
Tense
Formula
Example
Main Use
Present Simple
S + V (base/+s)
She works in a hospital.
Habits, facts, routines
Present Continuous
S + am/is/are + V-ing
He is studying right now.
Actions happening now, temporary situations
Present Perfect
S + have/has + p.p.
I have never been to Japan.
Past experience, recent actions with present result
Present Perfect Cont.
S + have/has been + V-ing
They have been waiting for an hour.
Ongoing action from past to now (duration)
Past Simple
S + V-ed / irregular
We visited Paris last summer.
Completed actions at a specific past time
Past Continuous
S + was/were + V-ing
It was raining when I left.
Action in progress at a past moment
Past Perfect
S + had + p.p.
She had already eaten when he arrived.
Action completed before another past action
Past Perfect Cont.
S + had been + V-ing
He had been running for an hour before he stopped.
Duration of action before a past point
Future Simple (will)
S + will + V (base)
I will call you tomorrow.
Spontaneous decisions, predictions, promises
Future (going to)
S + am/is/are going to + V
Look at those clouds — it is going to rain.
Plans already decided, predictions based on evidence
Future Continuous
S + will be + V-ing
This time next week I will be lying on a beach.
Action in progress at a future time
Future Perfect
S + will have + p.p.
By Friday she will have finished the report.
Action completed before a future point
Future Perfect Cont.
S + will have been + V-ing
By 2030 he will have been teaching for 20 years.
Duration up to a future point
⏰ Key Time Expressions
Tense(s)
Time expressions
Present Perfect
already · yet · just · ever · never · recently · since · for · so far · up to now
Past Simple
yesterday · last week/year · ago · in 2010 · when I was young · in the morning (completed)
Future Simple
tomorrow · next week/year · soon · in the future
Future Perfect
by Friday · by the time · before long · by next year
Past Continuous
at 8 pm yesterday · while · when (interruption)
Pres. Perfect Cont.
for + duration · since + starting point · how long…?
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Conditionals
Essential for FCE Writing Part 2 and Use of English Part 4 (Key Word Transformations). Learn the structure AND the time frame each type refers to.
⚠ Common FCE mistake: NEVER use will in the if-clause of First Conditional. ✗ If it will rain… ✓ If it rains… — Use 'were' instead of 'was' in Second Conditional for formal/written English.
Zero Conditional
General truths · always true
FormulaIf + Pres. Simple → Pres. Simple
ExampleIf you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
AlsoInterchangeable with "when". No specific time.
💡 When you heat water to 100°C, it boils. — same meaning with "when".
First Conditional
Real / possible future
FormulaIf + Pres. Simple → will + base
ExampleIf it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
Variantscan / may / might / must / should instead of will
💡 Unless = if not: Unless it rains, we will go.
Second Conditional
Unreal / hypothetical present or future
FormulaIf + Past Simple → would + base
ExampleIf I won the lottery, I would travel the world.
FormalUse "were" (not "was") in formal written English
💡 If I were you, I would accept the offer. — standard in FCE writing.
Third Conditional
Impossible past · regrets · criticism
FormulaIf + Past Perf. → would have + p.p.
ExampleIf she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.
TrapNEVER put "would have" in the if-clause
💡 could have / might have also possible in the result clause.
Mixed Conditional
Past condition → present result
FormulaIf + Past Perf. → would + base
ExampleIf I had taken that job, I would be rich now.
SignalWord "now" in the result clause is a strong clue
💡 Shows how a past event affects the present. Common in advanced writing.
📊 Quick Reference Table
Type
If-clause
Main clause
Time frame
Zero
Pres. Simple
Pres. Simple
Always / generally true
First
Pres. Simple
will + base
Real future possibility
Second
Past Simple
would + base
Unreal present / future
Third
Past Perfect
would have + p.p.
Impossible past
Mixed
Past Perfect
would + base
Past → present result
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Modal Verbs
Modal verbs express ability, obligation, permission, possibility and deduction. Key rule: modals + bare infinitive (no "to"), except ought to and have to.
⚠ FCE KEY PATTERN — Modal + have + p.p. = comment on a past event: must have been · should have done · might have forgotten · could have helped · needn't have gone
CAN / COULDability · permission · possibility
PRES.
She can speak four languages. / Can you help me?
PAST
When I was young, I could run very fast.
FUT.
It could rain later — take an umbrella.
💡 Past form = COULD. For future ability use will be able to. Could = more polite/less certain than can.
MUST / HAVE TOobligation · deduction · necessity
PRES.
You must wear a seatbelt. / He must be tired — he worked all night.
PAST
She must have forgotten. / I had to take the bus.
FUT.
You will have to show your passport at the border.
💡 MUST = internal obligation / deduction. HAVE TO = external obligation. DON'T HAVE TO ≠ must not (no obligation vs prohibition).
SHOULD / OUGHT TOadvice · expectation · mild obligation
PRES.
You should eat more vegetables. / The bus ought to arrive soon.
PAST
You should have called me! (criticism/regret)
FUT.
They should be here by 6 pm.
💡 should have + p.p. is very common in FCE for expressing regret or criticism of past actions.
MAY / MIGHTpossibility (uncertain) · formal permission
PRES.
It may rain this afternoon. / You may leave early.
PAST
She might have left already.
FUT.
I might go to the party — I'm not sure yet.
💡 Might = slightly less certain than may (~30% vs ~50%). Both common in FCE formal writing.
WILL / WOULDprediction · habit · conditional · polite request
PRES.
Would you like some tea? / I will call you later.
PAST
When I was a child, I would visit my grandma every Sunday. (past habit)
FUT.
I am sure it will be a great event.
💡 Would = past habit OR conditional OR polite. Will = future / spontaneous decision.
NEED TO / NEEDN'Tnecessity · no necessity
PRES.
You needn't worry — everything is under control.
PAST
You needn't have bought flowers — how kind! (unnecessary action done)
FUT.
Do we need to book in advance?
💡 needn't have + p.p. = did something unnecessary. Didn't need to = didn't do it (no evidence it happened).
BE ABLE TOability in all tenses · replaces CAN where it can't go
PRES.
She is able to work under pressure. (= can, more formal)
PAST
After hours of trying, he was able to open the door. (managed to — specific success)
FUT.
With more practice, you will be able to speak fluently.
PERF.
I have never been able to understand his handwriting.
💡 KEY FCE RULE: CAN has no infinitive or perfect form. Use BE ABLE TO after modals (might be able to, should be able to), after to (want to be able to), and in perfect tenses. ⚠ PAST trap: could = general past ability. was/were able to = one specific occasion of success.
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Prepositions
One of the most tested areas in FCE Use of English Part 1 and Part 4 (Key Word Transformations). Learn verb/adjective/noun + preposition as fixed chunks.
⚠ Exam tip: In Part 4, the preposition is often the KEY transformation. E.g. "She was interested in the offer" → "The offer attracted her interest." Learn these pairs as complete units, not individual words.
🕐 Time
AT · ON · IN
ATClock times, specific momentsat 9 o'clock · at midnight · at Christmas · at the weekend (BrE)
ONDays, specific dateson Monday · on 5th July · on my birthday
INMonths, years, seasons, periodsin January · in 2005 · in summer · in the morning
FOR · SINCE · BY · UNTIL
FORDurationI have lived here for three years.
SINCEStarting point in timeShe has been here since Monday.
BYNo later than (deadline)Submit the report by Friday.
UNTIL/TILLUp to a point in timeI will wait until 8 pm.
DURINGWithin a period (no duration)during the meeting · during my holiday
WITHINInside a time limitI will reply within 24 hours.
📍 Place
Preposition
Use
Example
AT
Specific points, addresses, events
at the bus stop · at school · at a concert
IN
Inside spaces, cities, countries
in the room · in Barcelona · in Spain
ON
Surfaces, floors, public transport
on the table · on the bus · on the second floor
ABOVE
Higher than, not touching
The picture is above the sofa.
OVER
Directly above / covering / more than
The bridge goes over the river.
BELOW
Lower than
The temperature dropped below zero.
UNDER
Directly below / less than
The cat is under the table. / under 18.
BETWEEN
In the middle of two things
The bank is between the café and the post office.
AMONG
In the middle of more than two
She stood among the crowd.
NEXT TO / BESIDE
Right next to
Sit next to me. / The hotel is beside the river.
OPPOSITE
Facing
The supermarket is opposite the station.
ALONG
Following the length of
Let's walk along the river.
ACROSS
From one side to the other
She swam across the lake.
THROUGH
From one end to the other (inside)
Drive through the tunnel.
🏃 Movement
Preposition
Use
Example
TO
Direction towards a destination
I am going to the cinema.
INTO
Movement to the inside
He jumped into the pool.
OUT OF
Movement from inside to outside
She took the keys out of her bag.
ONTO
Movement to a surface
The cat jumped onto the sofa.
OFF
Away from surface / transport
Get off the bus here.
TOWARDS
In the direction of (not arriving)
She was walking towards the park.
PAST
Beyond, further than
Go past the traffic lights and turn left.
AROUND
In a circle / different parts
We walked around the old town.
🎯 Adjective + Preposition
Adjective + Prep
Category
Example
afraid OF
feeling
She is afraid of spiders.
angry WITH / ABOUT
WITH person · ABOUT thing
He was angry with me about the decision.
aware OF
knowledge
Are you aware of the risks?
bored WITH
feeling
I am bored with this routine.
capable OF
ability
She is capable of great things.
different FROM
comparison
This film is different from the book.
excited ABOUT
feeling
We are excited about the trip.
famous FOR
reason
Barcelona is famous for its architecture.
fond OF
liking
He is very fond of jazz.
good / bad AT
skill
She is good at maths.
interested IN
interest
Are you interested in art?
keen ON
enthusiasm
He is not keen on early mornings.
proud OF
feeling
She is very proud of her daughter.
responsible FOR
duty
Who is responsible for this project?
similar TO
comparison
Your idea is similar to mine.
surprised AT / BY
reaction
I was surprised by his answer.
tired OF
feeling
I am tired of waiting.
used TO
familiarity
She is used to working nights.
worried ABOUT
feeling
He is worried about his exams.
🔧 Verb + Preposition
Verb + Prep
Category
Example
agree WITH/ON
WITH person · ON topic
I agree with you. / We agreed on a date.
apologise FOR
sorry
He apologised for being late.
apply FOR
job / course
She applied for a scholarship.
argue WITH/ABOUT
WITH person · ABOUT topic
They argued about money.
ask FOR
request
She asked for help.
believe IN
faith / idea
Do you believe in ghosts?
belong TO
ownership
This jacket belongs to my sister.
care ABOUT
concern
He cares about the environment.
complain ABOUT
dissatisfied
She complained about the noise.
concentrate ON
focus
Try to concentrate on your work.
congratulate ON
praise
I congratulated her on her promotion.
consist OF
composition
The team consists of 11 players.
deal WITH
handle
How do you deal with stress?
depend ON
reliance
Success depends on hard work.
dream OF / ABOUT
wish
She dreams of becoming a doctor.
insist ON
demand
He insisted on paying the bill.
laugh AT
mockery
Don't laugh at other people's mistakes.
listen TO
attention
I love listening to music.
look AFTER
care
She looks after her elderly mother.
look AT
gaze
Look at this photo!
look FOR
search
I am looking for my keys.
look FORWARD TO
anticipation
I look forward to meeting you.
pay FOR
cost
Who paid for dinner?
rely ON
trust
You can rely on her completely.
remind OF
memory
This song reminds me of summer.
result IN
consequence
The storm resulted in flooding.
specialise IN
expertise
She specialises in tax law.
succeed IN
achievement
He succeeded in passing the exam.
suffer FROM
illness
He suffers from back pain.
take part IN
participate
She took part in the debate.
think ABOUT / OF
consideration
I am thinking about changing jobs.
wait FOR
anticipation
We waited for the bus for 20 minutes.
warn ABOUT / OF
caution
The doctor warned him about the risks.
📝 Noun + Preposition
Noun + Prep
Category
Example
advantage OF/OVER
benefit
the advantage of living in a city
damage TO
harm
damage to the building
decrease / increase IN
change
an increase in prices
demand FOR
need
the demand for housing
effect ON
impact
the effect of stress on health
interest IN
curiosity
a keen interest in science
knowledge OF
knowing
a good knowledge of grammar
lack OF
shortage
a lack of information
opinion ABOUT / ON
view
What is your opinion on this?
pride IN
satisfaction
She takes great pride in her work.
reaction TO
response
His reaction to the news was calm.
reason FOR
cause
the reason for his absence
relationship WITH
connection
a close relationship with her family
research INTO / ON
study
research into climate change
solution TO
answer
a solution to the problem
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Reported Speech
Also called Indirect Speech. You report what someone said without quoting their exact words. Tenses, pronouns and time/place expressions all shift backwards.
⚠ FCE tip: In Part 4 (Key Word Transformations), reported speech transformations are very common. Watch out for the reporting verb — tell needs an object (She told ME), say does not (She said).
⏪ Tense Backshift
Direct Speech
→
Reported Speech
Example
Present Simple
→
Past Simple
"I work here." → She said she worked there.
Present Continuous
→
Past Continuous
"I am leaving." → He said he was leaving.
Present Perfect
→
Past Perfect
"I have finished." → She said she had finished.
Past Simple
→
Past Perfect
"I called you." → He said he had called me.
Past Continuous
→
Past Perfect Continuous
"I was sleeping." → She said she had been sleeping.
will
→
would
"I will help." → He said he would help.
can
→
could
"I can swim." → She said she could swim.
may
→
might
"It may rain." → He said it might rain.
must
→
had to / must
"You must leave." → She said I had to leave.
would / could / should / might
→
NO CHANGE
"I would help." → She said she would help. (unchanged)
🗓 Time & Place Expressions
Direct
→
Reported
now
→
then / at that moment
today
→
that day
yesterday
→
the day before / the previous day
tomorrow
→
the next day / the following day
last week
→
the week before / the previous week
next week
→
the following week
ago
→
before / previously
here
→
there
this
→
that
these
→
those
🎯 Reporting Verbs (beyond "say/tell")
Reporting verb + pattern
Example
admit + -ing
He admitted stealing the money.
advise + obj + to-inf
She advised me to see a doctor.
agree + to-inf
They agreed to help us.
apologise for + -ing
He apologised for being late.
claim + that-clause
She claimed that she had never been there.
deny + -ing
He denied breaking the window.
encourage + obj + to-inf
She encouraged me to apply for the job.
insist on + -ing
He insisted on paying for dinner.
offer + to-inf
She offered to drive us home.
promise + to-inf
He promised to call me.
refuse + to-inf
She refused to answer the question.
suggest + -ing / that-clause
She suggested going to the cinema.
threaten + to-inf
He threatened to leave.
warn + obj + not to-inf
She warned me not to touch it.
❓ Reported Questions
Type
Direct
Reported
Yes/No question
"Are you tired?"
He asked if / whether I was tired.
Wh- question
"Where do you live?"
She asked where I lived.
Wh- question
"What time did you arrive?"
He asked what time I had arrived.
⚠ Key rule for reported questions: Word order becomes STATEMENT order (no inversion, no auxiliary do/does/did). ✗ He asked where did I live. ✓ He asked where I lived.
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Passive Voice
The passive focuses on the action or the object, not the person doing it. Formula: be + past participle. The agent (doer) is introduced with by — but often omitted.
⚠ FCE tip: Passive is heavily tested in Part 4 (Key Word Transformations): active → passive or passive → active. Also used a lot in formal Writing tasks (reports, articles). Learn all tense forms.
📋 Passive in All Tenses
Tense
Active
Passive
Present Simple
They clean the office every day.
The office is cleaned every day.
Present Continuous
They are building a new road.
A new road is being built.
Present Perfect
Someone has stolen my bag.
My bag has been stolen.
Past Simple
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
Past Continuous
They were fixing the car.
The car was being fixed.
Past Perfect
Someone had already eaten the cake.
The cake had already been eaten.
Future Simple
They will announce the results.
The results will be announced.
Future Perfect
They will have finished the project.
The project will have been finished.
Modal
You must submit the form.
The form must be submitted.
Modal Perfect
Someone could have fixed it.
It could have been fixed.
🎯 Special Passive Structures
Structure
Formula
Example
Reporting verbs (it is said…)
It + be + p.p. + that-clause
It is believed that the painting was stolen.
Reporting verbs (personal)
Subject + be + p.p. + to-inf
The painting is believed to have been stolen.
have/get something done
have/get + obj + p.p.
I had my hair cut yesterday. / She got her car fixed.
need + -ing (passive meaning)
need + V-ing
The house needs painting. (= needs to be painted)
📝 Common Reporting Verbs in Passive
It is [verb] that… / Subject + is [verb] + to…
alleged
announced
believed
claimed
considered
estimated
expected
known
reported
rumoured
said
thought
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Phrasal Verbs
A verb + particle (preposition or adverb) whose meaning is different from the individual words. FCE tests them in Use of English Part 1 and especially Part 2 (open cloze). Grouped by base verb.
⚠ FCE tip: In Part 2 (open cloze), the verb is given and you must supply the particle — or vice versa. Learn the whole chunk, not just the verb. Many phrasal verbs have multiple meanings; the most common ones are listed here.
🔝 High-Frequency Groups
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Example
BRING
bring up
raise a child / mention a topic
She was brought up in Madrid. / He brought up an interesting point.
bring about
cause / produce a change
The new law brought about major changes.
bring out
release / reveal a quality
They are bringing out a new album next month.
CALL
call off
cancel
The match was called off due to rain.
call on
visit briefly / ask someone to speak
The teacher called on her to answer.
call for
demand / require
The situation calls for immediate action.
CARRY
carry on
continue
Carry on with your work.
carry out
do / perform / execute
The police carried out an investigation.
carry away
get too excited / lose control
Don't get carried away — it's just a game.
COME
come across
find by chance / give an impression
I came across an old photo. / She comes across as very confident.
come up with
think of / produce an idea
Can you come up with a better solution?
come up
arise / be mentioned
An unexpected problem came up.
come round
regain consciousness / visit / change opinion
She came round after the operation.
GET
get along / on (with)
have a good relationship
Do you get on well with your colleagues?
get away with
do sth wrong without punishment
He got away with cheating on the test.
get over
recover from / accept
It took me months to get over the illness.
get rid of
remove / dispose of
We need to get rid of all this old furniture.
get through
finish / make contact / survive
I finally got through to customer service.
get used to
become accustomed to
She got used to waking up early.
GIVE
give up
stop trying / quit a habit
He gave up smoking last year.
give away
reveal a secret / give for free
She gave away the surprise ending.
give in
surrender / stop resisting
After hours of arguing, he finally gave in.
give out
distribute / stop working
The engine gave out on the motorway.
LOOK
look up
search for information
Look it up in the dictionary.
look up to
admire
She has always looked up to her older sister.
look down on
consider inferior
Don't look down on people who earn less.
look into
investigate
The police are looking into the matter.
look out for
be careful of / watch for
Look out for ice on the roads.
MAKE
make up
invent / reconcile / apply makeup
He made up an excuse. / They argued but made up later.
make out
understand / see with difficulty / claim
I could barely make out what she was saying.
make for
head towards / contribute to
Good communication makes for a better team.
make do with
manage with less than ideal
We'll have to make do with what we have.
PUT
put off
postpone / discourage
Stop putting off your revision!
put up with
tolerate
I can't put up with this noise any longer.
put forward
suggest / propose
She put forward an interesting idea.
put across
communicate an idea effectively
He put his point across very clearly.
RUN / TAKE / TURN
run out of
have no more of sth
We ran out of time before finishing.
run into
meet by chance / encounter a problem
I ran into an old friend at the station.
take after
resemble a parent
She takes after her mother in personality.
take on
accept responsibility / employ
The company took on 50 new staff.
take up
start a hobby / occupy space/time
He took up cycling last summer.
turn down
refuse / reduce volume
She turned down the job offer.
turn up
arrive (often unexpectedly) / increase volume
He turned up an hour late.
turn out
prove to be / result in
The event turned out to be a great success.
➕ More High-Frequency Groups
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Example
BREAK
break down
stop working / lose emotional control / analyse in detail
The car broke down on the motorway. / She broke down in tears.
break into
enter by force / start suddenly
Someone broke into the office last night.
break out
start suddenly (fire, war, disease)
A fire broke out in the kitchen.
break up
end a relationship / separate into pieces
They broke up after three years together.
break through
achieve something despite obstacles
Scientists have broken through a major barrier.
CUT / FALL
cut down on
reduce the amount of
You should cut down on sugar.
cut off
disconnect / interrupt / isolate
The village was cut off by flooding.
cut out
stop doing / remove / (engine) stop suddenly
You need to cut out junk food. / The engine cut out.
fall behind
fail to keep up with progress or payments
She fell behind with her coursework.
fall for
be deceived by / fall in love with
He fell for the same trick twice.
fall out (with)
have an argument and stop being friends
She fell out with her best friend over money.
fall through
fail to happen / not go as planned
The deal fell through at the last minute.
GO
go ahead
proceed / happen as planned
The concert went ahead despite the rain.
go off
explode / ring (alarm) / food goes bad / stop liking
The alarm went off at 6am. / I've gone off coffee lately.
go over
review / check / exceed
Let's go over the main points before the exam.
go through (with)
experience sth difficult / carry out despite doubt
She went through a very tough time. / He went through with the plan.
Can you pick me up from the station? / She picked up Spanish quickly.
pick out
choose / identify from a group
She picked out the best candidate immediately.
pick on
bully / single out unfairly
Stop picking on your little brother.
SET / SORT / STAND
set up
establish / arrange / prepare equipment
They set up a new company last year.
set off
start a journey / trigger an alarm or reaction
We set off early to avoid the traffic.
set back
delay progress / cost (informal)
The bad weather set the project back by two weeks.
sort out
resolve a problem / organise
We need to sort out this misunderstanding.
stand for
represent / tolerate (in negative)
What does FIFA stand for? / I won't stand for this behaviour.
stand out
be noticeably different / be impressive
Her red coat made her stand out in the crowd.
stand up for
defend / support
You should always stand up for what you believe in.
WORK / FIND / POINT
work out
calculate / solve / exercise / develop well
I can't work out how to solve this. / Things worked out in the end.
work on
spend time improving something
You need to work on your pronunciation.
find out
discover / get information
I found out she had already left.
point out
draw attention to a fact
She pointed out an error in my report.
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✍️
Writing — Linkers & Paragraph Starters
FCE Writing Part 2: you choose one task from Essay, Article, Report, Email/Letter, or Review. Examiners specifically assess communicative achievement (right register & format) and organisation (logical structure & linkers). This is where marks are won or lost.
⚠ Examiner's priority: Vary your linkers — using and, but, also for everything is a B1 mistake. Using a range of cohesive devices correctly pushes you into the B2 band. Also: NEVER start with "I am writing to tell you about..." in an essay or article.
📄 Essay
Introduction — state the topic
Neutral / formal register
Nowadays, it is widely accepted that…
→ Nowadays, it is widely accepted that social media has a negative impact on young people's mental health.
In today's society, the question of… is increasingly relevant.
→ In today's society, the question of online privacy is increasingly relevant.
There is no doubt that… has become a major issue.
→ There is no doubt that climate change has become a major issue.
The aim of this essay is to examine whether…
→ The aim of this essay is to examine whether social media does more harm than good.
Over the past few decades, … has become a topic of growing concern.
→ Over the past few decades, plastic pollution has become a topic of growing concern.
It is often argued that…, yet the reality is far more complex.
→ It is often argued that technology makes life easier, yet the reality is far more complex.
Few issues in modern life are as controversial as…
→ Few issues in modern life are as controversial as the use of artificial intelligence in schools.
… is a subject that divides opinion. In this essay, I will consider both sides of the argument.
→ Remote working is a subject that divides opinion. In this essay, I will consider both sides of the argument.
In recent years, there has been much debate surrounding the issue of…
→ In recent years, there has been much debate surrounding the issue of fast fashion and its environmental impact.
While many people believe that…, others are convinced that…
→ While many people believe that electric cars are the future, others are convinced that public transport is the real solution.
Developing arguments
Body paragraphs
To begin with / First of all, it should be noted that…
→ To begin with, it should be noted that young people spend an average of six hours a day online.
Furthermore / Moreover / In addition, it is worth considering…
→ Furthermore, it is worth considering the long-term impact this has on mental health.
On the other hand, there are those who argue that…
→ On the other hand, there are those who argue that technology creates more opportunities than it destroys.
Despite this, it cannot be denied that…
→ Despite this, it cannot be denied that air travel remains one of the largest sources of carbon emissions.
This is largely due to the fact that…
→ This is largely due to the fact that most consumers are unaware of the environmental cost of their purchases.
As a result / Consequently, many people feel that…
→ As a result, many people feel that stricter regulations on social media are urgently needed.
Conclusion — give your opinion
Last paragraph
In conclusion / To sum up, it seems clear that…
→ In conclusion, it seems clear that a balance between technology use and face-to-face interaction is essential.
On balance, I believe that… outweighs…
→ On balance, I believe that the benefits of remote working outweigh the drawbacks.
Taking everything into consideration, it is my view that…
→ Taking everything into consideration, it is my view that governments must take immediate action to address climate change.
All things considered, the advantages of… far outweigh the disadvantages.
→ All things considered, the advantages of electric vehicles far outweigh the disadvantages.
📰 Article
Introduction — engage the reader
Informal / semi-formal · needs a TITLE
Have you ever wondered why…?
→ Have you ever wondered why we spend so much time staring at our phones?
Imagine a world where… — well, that is exactly what is happening.
→ Imagine a world where cars drive themselves — well, that is exactly what is happening.
We all know that…, but did you know that…?
→ We all know that exercise is good for us, but did you know that just ten minutes a day can make a real difference?
What do you think about…? This is a question that many people are asking.
→ What do you think about working from home? This is a question that many people are asking.
Picture this: you are… — sounds familiar, doesn't it?
→ Picture this: you are scrolling through social media at midnight — sounds familiar, doesn't it?
… may seem like a simple idea, but it is changing the way we live.
→ Recycling may seem like a simple idea, but it is changing the way we live.
When was the last time you thought about…? Probably not recently — but you should.
→ When was the last time you thought about your digital footprint? Probably not recently — but you should.
Love it or hate it, … is here to stay.
→ Love it or hate it, social media is here to stay.
… is something most of us take for granted. But is that really a good thing?
→ Fast internet is something most of us take for granted. But is that really a good thing?
If you think … doesn't affect you, think again.
→ If you think climate change doesn't affect you, think again.
Body — personal & engaging
Use direct address, personal examples
One of the most surprising things about… is…
→ One of the most surprising things about social media is how deeply it affects our self-esteem.
Personally, I think / believe / feel that…
→ Personally, I believe that schools should include digital literacy in their curriculum.
Not only that, but… also tends to…
→ Not only that, but excessive screen time also tends to disrupt our sleep patterns.
What's more, recent research has shown that…
→ What's more, recent research has shown that people who exercise regularly are significantly happier.
For example, take the case of…
→ For example, take the case of cities that have banned single-use plastics entirely.
Conclusion — call to action / opinion
Keep it lively
So, next time you…, why not try…?
→ So, next time you feel stressed, why not try spending an hour away from your phone?
In short, there is no reason why we should not…
→ In short, there is no reason why we should not make small everyday changes that together have a big impact.
The bottom line is that… and that is something we should all think about.
→ The bottom line is that technology is a tool, not a solution, and that is something we should all think about.
📊 Report
Introduction — state purpose
Formal · needs headings · To: / From: / Subject:
The purpose of this report is to…
→ The purpose of this report is to evaluate the sports facilities available at our school.
This report aims to assess / examine / outline / recommend…
→ This report aims to assess the quality of public transport links in our town.
This report has been prepared following a survey of… / a visit to…
→ This report has been prepared following a survey of students between the ages of 14 and 18.
This report sets out to provide an overview of… and to make recommendations regarding…
→ This report sets out to provide an overview of the current leisure facilities and to make recommendations regarding possible improvements.
The following report is based on information gathered from… and is intended to…
→ The following report is based on information gathered from a student questionnaire and is intended to help the school plan future improvements.
As requested, this report examines… and offers a number of suggestions for improvement.
→ As requested, this report examines the current cafeteria service and offers a number of suggestions for improvement.
This report provides an analysis of… with particular reference to…
→ This report provides an analysis of customer satisfaction with particular reference to waiting times and staff behaviour.
In response to the recent concerns raised about…, this report has been commissioned to…
→ In response to the recent concerns raised about noise levels in the library, this report has been commissioned to investigate possible solutions.
Findings — presenting information
Objective tone, passive voice welcome
According to the survey, a large majority of respondents felt that…
→ According to the survey, a large majority of respondents felt that the opening hours were too limited.
It was found that / It was noted that…
→ It was found that over 70% of students were dissatisfied with the variety of food on offer.
The data suggests that… / The results indicate that…
→ The data suggests that longer opening hours would significantly increase student attendance.
With regard to… / As far as … is concerned…
→ With regard to safety, several students raised concerns about the lack of lighting in the car park.
One significant problem identified was…
→ One significant problem identified was the lack of accessible facilities for students with mobility issues.
Recommendations
Use modal verbs
It is recommended that… should be introduced / improved / considered.
→ It is recommended that a wider variety of healthy food options should be introduced in the canteen.
It would be advisable to…
→ It would be advisable to extend the library opening hours until at least 7 pm.
In order to improve the situation, it is suggested that…
→ In order to improve the situation, it is suggested that more recycling bins be placed throughout the school.
On the basis of these findings, we recommend that…
→ On the basis of these findings, we recommend that a new outdoor sports area be created near the main entrance.
📧 Email / Informal Letter
Salutation & first social line
Line 1: who you're writing to · Line 2: social warm-up before the reason
Furthermore · Moreover · In addition · What is more · Besides · Not only… but also
Contrasting
However · Nevertheless · Nonetheless · On the other hand · In contrast · Although / Even though · Despite / In spite of · While / Whereas
Cause & reason
Because / Because of · Since · As · Due to / Owing to · As a result of · The reason for this is…
Effect & result
Therefore · As a result · Consequently · This means that · This leads to · Hence
Giving examples
For example · For instance · Such as · In particular · A case in point is…
Ordering / sequencing
First of all · To begin with · Secondly · Then · After that · Finally · Last but not least
Concession
Admittedly · It is true that… however · Even though · Granted that… · While I accept that…
Summarising / concluding
In conclusion · To sum up · On balance · All in all · Taking everything into account · Overall
Emphasising
In fact · Indeed · Above all · Particularly · Especially · It is worth noting that
Condition
Provided that · As long as · Unless · On condition that · In the event that
Purpose
In order to · So as to · So that · With the aim of + -ing · The purpose of… is to
✍️ Apostrophes — Possessives & Contractions
Possessives — where does the apostrophe go?
Rule: apostrophe comes after the owner, then add s if not already there
Singular noun → 'sthe student's book (one student owns the book) · the teacher's pen · my friend's house
Plural noun ending in -s → s'the students' books (multiple students) · my friends' houses · the teachers' meeting
Irregular plural (no -s) → 'sthe children's toys · the women's team · the men's room · the people's choice
Name ending in -s → 's or 'James's car OR James' car — both accepted. FCE won't test this edge case.
NO apostrophe — just a pluralI bought three books. (not book's) · The 1990s were interesting. (not 1990's)
⚠ "The car has lost its wheel." — its as a possessive pronoun NEVER takes an apostrophe. Only it's = it is / it has.
Contractions — apostrophe for missing letters
Informal register only — avoid in formal essays and reports
it's = it is / it hasIt's raining. / It's been a long day. — NOT a possessive
its = belonging to itThe dog wagged its tail. — possessive pronoun, no apostrophe ever
who's = who is / who hasWho's coming tonight? / Who's already left?
whose = belonging to whomWhose jacket is this? — relative pronoun or question word, no apostrophe
they're / their / thereThey're tired. · Their house is big. · There is a problem. — three different words
you're vs yourYou're welcome. (= you are) · Your bag is here. (= belonging to you)
💡 FCE register rule: contractions (I'm, don't, it's) are fine in informal emails. In essays, articles, and reports → write the full form: I am, do not, it is.
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Part 4 — Key Word Transformations
You are given a sentence and a KEY WORD. You must complete a second sentence so it has a similar meaning, using the key word and 2–5 words total (contractions count as two). Never change the key word. Each question is worth 2 marks: 1 for each correct half.
⚠ Strategy: Identify the grammar pattern first (passive? reported speech? too/enough?), then write the transformation. Count your words — more than 5 = zero marks. Less than 2 = zero marks. Contractions: don't = 2 words.
"They didn't allow us to take photos." → KEY: allowed → We were not allowed to take photos.
"You can't smoke here." → KEY: allowed → Smoking is not allowed here.
⚠ make passive: She made me do it → I was made to do it (to-inf in passive!)
have / get something done
Arrange for someone else to do it for you
have/get + object + past participle
"A mechanic repaired my car." → KEY: had → I had my car repaired.
"Someone is cutting her hair tomorrow." → KEY: having → She is having her hair cut tomorrow.
🔢 Quantifiers — Hardly / Few / Little
Negative quantifier transformations
hardly any · few · little · almost no · scarcely
almost no / not many → few (countable) / little (uncountable) / hardly any
"Almost nobody came to the party." → KEY: hardly → Hardly anyone came to the party.
"Not many students passed the exam." → KEY: few → Few students passed the exam.
"There is almost no time left." → KEY: little → There is very little time left.
"She almost never goes out." → KEY: rarely → She rarely goes out.
⚠ few / little = negative meaning (not enough). A few / a little = positive (some).
⏱ It takes / Spend time
spend time doing ↔ it takes time to do
Expressing duration
spend + time + -ing ↔ it takes + (person) + time + to-inf
"I spent two hours doing my homework." → KEY: took → It took me two hours to do my homework.
"It took her three days to finish the project." → KEY: spent → She spent three days finishing the project.
🔄 Direct → Indirect Questions (word order)
THE RULEIndirect questions use statement word order (subject + verb). The auxiliary do/does/did disappears. Yes/no questions need if / whether.
Direct: Where does she live?Indirect: Can you tell me where she lives? (no does; verb agrees with subject)
Direct: What time did the train leave?Indirect: Do you know what time the train left? (did disappears; past tense on main verb)
Direct: Is he coming?Indirect: I wonder if / whether he is coming. (yes/no → if/whether)
Direct: Has she finished?Indirect: Could you tell me whether she has finished? (whether = more formal than if)
Direct: Who wrote it? (subject Q)Indirect: Do you know who wrote it? (subject questions: word order stays the same)
INTRO PHRASESCan you tell me… / Do you know… / I wonder… / Could you explain… / I'd like to know… / Have you any idea…
⚠ Common mistake✗ Can you tell me where does she live? — never invert subject+verb in indirect questions
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Part 1 — Collocations (Multiple Choice Cloze)
8 gaps, 4 options each (A/B/C/D). Tests vocabulary: collocations, phrasal verbs, idioms, and fixed phrases. The four options often look similar in meaning — only one collocates correctly with the surrounding words. You cannot guess these: learn them as fixed chunks.
⚠ FCE tip: When you see make, do, have or take as options in Part 1, check collocations first — meaning alone won't decide the answer.
⚡ Make vs Do
MAKE
Creating, producing, causing
make a decision · make a mistake · make an effort
make progress · make a suggestion · make a complaint
make a difference · make a noise · make a profit
make a speech · make a phone call · make friends
make sense · make up your mind · make an appointment
make an excuse · make a point · make a promise
DO
Activities, tasks, general actions
do homework · do research · do exercise · do damage
do business · do a course · do a favour · do harm
do your best · do the shopping · do the washing up
do well / badly · do without · do someone a favour
do the housework · do an exam (BrE) · do good
⚠ do the + household chores: do the cooking / ironing / cleaning
🔁 Have vs Take
HAVE
Experiences, states
have a shower / bath · have a meal · have a drink
have a break · have a conversation · have a look
have fun · have a headache · have an argument
have a good time · have a rest · have a go
have a dream · have difficulty · have a party
have an operation · have a word (with sb) · have a meeting
TAKE
Actions, responsibility, movement
take a photo · take a break · take a risk · take part
take place · take an exam · take care · take a walk
take advantage · take turns · take notes · take action
take responsibility · take a seat · take a look
take a taxi / bus · take medicine · take time
⚠ BrE: take an exam. Also: take a decision (formal) = make a decision.
🎯 Other High-Frequency Verb Collocations
Verb
Common collocations
GIVE
give a speech · give advice · give permission · give a presentation · give someone a hand · give a warning · give an opinion · give a description
PAY
pay attention · pay a visit · pay a compliment · pay a fine · pay a bill · pay a salary · pay respect
GET
get permission · get lost · get dressed · get married · get divorced · get better/worse · get bored · get stuck · get involved
CATCH
catch a cold · catch a bus/train · catch someone's eye · catch fire · catch someone's attention · catch a glimpse
BREAK
break a record · break a habit · break the law · break a promise · break the silence · break someone's heart
KEEP
keep a secret · keep a promise · keep in touch · keep calm · keep a record · keep an eye on · keep up with
MISS
miss a bus/flight · miss the point · miss an opportunity · miss a deadline · miss someone · miss a lesson
HOLD
hold a meeting · hold a conversation · hold your breath · hold someone's attention · hold a record · hold an event
RAISE
raise awareness · raise money · raise a question · raise your voice · raise standards · raise hopes
RUN
run a business · run a risk · run out of · run late · run an errand · run a campaign
🎨 Adjective + Noun Collocations
Adjective
Collocates with…
⚠ Does NOT collocate with…
HEAVY
heavy rain · heavy traffic · heavy smoker · heavy fine · heavy accent · heavy load
wide range · wide variety · wide awake · wide open · wide experience · wide knowledge
✗ wide problem
LARGE
large number · large amount · large scale · large majority · large proportion
✗ large problem (use big/serious)
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Part 2 — Open Cloze
8 gaps in a text, no options given — you must think of the word yourself. Almost always a function word (article, preposition, conjunction, auxiliary, pronoun, determiner). Only one word per gap; contractions count as two words. Read the full sentence before filling each gap.
⚠ Key insight: The answer is almost never a content word (noun, main verb, adjective, adverb). If you think the answer is a long word, you're probably wrong. Think: articles · prepositions · relative pronouns · conjunctions · auxiliaries · determiners.
📖 Articles: a / an / the / Ø
Article
Use
Examples / Tricky cases
a / an
First mention; indefinite; one of many
I saw a film. She's an engineer. Once upon a time…
the
Second mention; unique; specific; superlatives; ordinals
the sun / moon / government / internet. the best film. the first time.
Ø (zero)
Plural/uncountable in general; proper nouns; languages; meals; transport
Ø dogs are loyal. I speak Ø Spanish. Ø breakfast. by Ø car / by Ø train.
Ø vs the
Institutions: Ø when used for purpose; the when specific
go to Ø school (as a pupil) vs visit the school (as a visitor)
the + instrument
Musical instruments always take the
play the piano / the guitar / the violin
🔗 Relative Pronouns
Pronoun
Use
Notes
who
Person — subject of relative clause
the man who called me
whom
Person — object (formal)
the person whom I met
which
Thing or animal
the book which / that I read
that
Person or thing (restrictive only)
the film that won. Cannot use after comma.
whose
Possession (person or thing)
the girl whose bag was stolen
where
Place
the town where I grew up
when
Time
the day when it happened
what
"The thing that" — no antecedent
What surprised me was… (≠ which)
🔀 Conjunctions & Linking Words
Type
Words
Notes
Concession
although · though · even though · while · whereas · however · nevertheless · yet · still
Although it was late… / However, she decided… (however needs comma or new sentence)
Concession (prep)
despite · in spite of
followed by noun/-ing, NOT clause: despite being tired. ≠ despite that
Condition
if · unless · provided (that) · as long as · in case · supposing
Unless you hurry… / provided that you study…
Cause
because · since · as · due to · owing to · given that
Since she was tired… / due to bad weather (+ noun)
Purpose
so that · in order to · to · so as to
She left early so that she could catch the train.
Result
so · therefore · thus · as a result · consequently
It rained, so we stayed in. (so = conjunction; therefore = adverb)
Time
when · while · as · until · once · as soon as · by the time · after · before
Once you finish… / By the time he arrived…
Addition
and · also · besides · furthermore · moreover · in addition · as well as
as well as studying (+ -ing after as well as)
🔢 Determiners
Determiner
Use with
Notes
every / each
+ singular countable noun
every day / each student. Each = individually, every = as a group.
all
+ plural countable OR uncountable
all students / all the time. (not all of students — needs all of the)
both · either · neither
Two things only
both photos / either option / neither answer (+ singular verb)
any · no
any = negative/question; no = zero quantity
I don't have any money. There is no time.
another · other · others
another + singular; other + plural; others = pronoun
another cup / other people / the others
much · many · little · few
much/little + uncountable; many/few + plural
not much time / too many problems / few people know
⚙️ Auxiliaries & Modal Patterns
Pattern
Gap word
Example
Present perfect passive
been
It has been decided that…
Past perfect
had
She had never seen it before.
Modal perfect
have
They must have left early.
Continuous passive
being
The road is being repaired.
Used to
to
She used to live here. (≠ be used to + -ing)
Dummy it
It
It is known that… / It takes time…
Existential there
There
There is no doubt that…
📌 High-Frequency Fixed Phrases
Phrase with gap
Answer
Context
as ___ as possible
soon / much / many / quickly…
Come as soon as possible.
___ matter what / how / where
no
No matter what happens, stay calm.
in ___ of (despite)
spite
in spite of the rain
in ___ to (purpose)
order
in order to succeed
on ___ of (representing)
behalf
on behalf of the team
on the ___ hand
other
on the other hand
for ___ (reason)
instance / example
for instance / for example
as ___ as I know
far
as far as I know
at ___ (minimum)
least
at least twice a week
provided ___ / as long ___
that / as
provided that / as long as you try
make ___ of (maximise)
the most
make the most of your time
___ well as (addition)
as
as well as playing sport
⚠️ Contrast Linkers — The Most Tested Distinction
+CLAUSE vs +NOUN/-ING — the rule that decides everything
although / though / even though+ CLAUSE (subject + verb): Although it was raining, we went out.
while / whereas+ CLAUSE — contrasts two facts: While she likes jazz, he prefers rock.
despite / in spite of+ NOUN or -ING only: Despite the rain / Despite feeling tired. ✗ despite that it rained
however / nevertheless / yet / stillADVERBS — start a new sentence or go after a comma+semicolon: It rained. However, we went out. ✗ however we went out (missing punctuation)
Contrast adverbs — nuance & register
HoweverMost common. Simple contrast. Works in any register. Always followed by a comma. It was expensive. However, it was worth it.
Nevertheless / NonethelessStronger than however — acknowledges the previous point fully, then overrides it. Formal. B2 marker. The results were disappointing. Nevertheless, the team kept going.
YetSlightly literary/formal. Can join two clauses with a comma (unlike however). It was freezing, yet he went out. — also works as sentence starter.
StillMid-sentence adverb meaning "even so / all the same". She was exhausted; she still finished the race. Does NOT start a sentence in this meaning.
Regardless (of + noun/-ing)"Without being affected by / no matter what". Always takes of. Regardless of the cost, they went ahead. — different from despite: regardless stresses ignoring a factor, despite stresses overcoming an obstacle.
💡 Exam tip:nevertheless / nonetheless are interchangeable — use the one that fits the word count. Both lift your register above B1 immediately.
whether… or not — "it doesn't matter which"
whether [clause] or not"or not" at the end. I'll go whether it rains or not. — rain or no rain, I'm going either way
whether or not [clause]"or not" right after whether. Whether or not you agree, this is the plan. — same meaning, more emphatic
regardless of whether [clause] or notCombines both words. Regardless of whether we are aware of it or not, the process continues. — formal, B2+
⚠ whether ≠ if (conditional)I'll go if it rains = only if it rains (condition must be met) · I'll go whether it rains or not = rain or no rain, result is the same
💡 In Part 2 gaps: if you see "___ or not" or "regardless of ___ we…", the answer is almost certainly whether.
Quick decision tree — what follows the gap?
Gap + [noun / -ing]→ despite or in spite of (never although)
Gap + [subject + verb]→ although / though / even though / while / whereas (never despite)
New sentence starts, contrast meaning→ However / Nevertheless (followed by comma)
despite the fact ___→ that — this is the only way to use despite + clause: despite the fact that it rained
in spite of the fact ___→ that — same pattern as above
🎯 Part 2 Strategy
Step-by-step approach
1. Read the full text firstGet the overall meaning before filling any gap
2. Identify the word classIs it a preposition? Conjunction? Auxiliary? Article? That narrows it to ~3 options
3. Check both sides of the gapThe word before AND after the gap constrain the answer
4. Test the sentence aloudYour ear often catches what your eye misses
5. Never leave a gap blankA wrong answer scores 0; a blank also scores 0 — always guess
Common patterns to spot
Gap before -ing formLikely a preposition (interested in doing) or "despite/by/without/for"
Gap between two nounsLikely a preposition: a cup of tea / the reason for
Gap after "so" + adj/advLikely "that": so tired that she fell asleep
Gap after "such"Likely "a/an": such a good film
Gap before a clauseLikely a conjunction (although / because / when / unless / that)
Gap + "which/who/that"Likely a preposition before relative pronoun: the house in which / the person to whom
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Word Formation — Part 3
You are given a text with 8 gaps. At the end of each line there is a base word in capitals. You must form the correct word to fill the gap. The base word always stays recognisable — you add a prefix, suffix, or both. Always check: what word class is needed? (noun / adjective / adverb / verb)
⚠ Strategy: (1) Read the full sentence for context. (2) Decide what word class fits the gap. (3) Apply prefix / suffix. (4) Check for negative meaning — if the gap is in a negative context, you probably need un-, dis-, in- etc. (5) Check spelling — double letters are common mistakes.
The FCE Speaking test has 4 parts and lasts about 14 minutes (two candidates + two examiners). You are assessed on: Grammar & Vocabulary, Discourse Management, Pronunciation, Interactive Communication. Use this tab as a phrase bank for each part.
⚠ Golden rules: (1) Never stay silent — use a filler if you need time. (2) Don't just describe — compare, speculate, give opinions. (3) React to your partner — don't monologue. (4) Correct yourself naturally: "I mean… what I meant to say was…" (5) Range matters more than accuracy — use varied vocabulary even if you make a small mistake.
👤 Part 1 — Interview (2 min)
The examiner asks you about yourself: where you live, work/study, interests, future plans. Never answer in one word. Give a reason, add an example, or extend naturally.
Opening / Extending answers
Well, I suppose that…safe opener when you need a second to think
To be honest, I…signals an authentic personal opinion
What I enjoy most is…focuses on a specific aspect
I've always been interested in…shows continuity, adds depth
The thing is that…introduces an explanation
Actually, I'd say that…adds a nuance or mild correction
Buying time (fillers)
Let me think about that for a moment…natural, shows you're considering carefully
That's an interesting question…classic filler — don't overuse
I've never really thought about it, but…honest opener that leads into an answer
It's hard to say exactly, but I'd say…hedges while you formulate
🖼️ Part 2 — Long Turn: Comparing Photos (1 min + 30 sec)
You get 2 photos and a question (e.g. "Why might these people have chosen to do this?"). Speak for 1 minute. Then your partner speaks for 1 minute on their photos, and you comment briefly (30 sec) on theirs. Do NOT describe only — compare and speculate.
Structure: Open → Compare → Speculate → Answer the question
Opening the description
Both photos show…immediate comparison — strong opener
In the first photo I can see… whereas in the second…direct contrast structure
The photos seem to show two different…introduces the theme
At first glance, both pictures appear to be about…observational opening
Comparing & Contrasting
The main difference between the two photos is…clear contrast signal
One obvious similarity is that both…links the photos together
While the first photo shows… the second one…parallel structure, easy to use
On the other hand, in this photo…pivot between photos
What strikes me most about the difference is…emphatic, shows engagement
Speculating (feelings, reasons, situation)
They look as if they're…visual inference
I imagine they must be feeling…confident speculation
It seems like they might be…hedged speculation
Perhaps the reason they chose this is…directly answers the question
They could be… because…modal + reason — always add the reason
Judging by their expressions / body language…evidence-based speculation
Commenting on your partner's photos (30 sec)
In the other photo I think…safe opener for the 30-sec turn
This person seems more… than the one in my photos.quick comparison
I'd say the main reason here is…answers the question briefly
Unlike the photos I had, here…links back to your own turn
Photo vocabulary — describing what you see
In the foreground / background…position in the photo — anchor the viewer before comparing
On the left / right / in the centre…spatial reference — essential for a clear 1-minute turn
The setting seems to be… (indoors/outdoors, urban/rural)describes context without certainty
There appears to be… / It looks as if…speculate about ambiguous elements — shows vocabulary range
The atmosphere is… / It gives a feeling of…interprets mood — impressive at B2, shows discourse management
It's hard to say for certain, but it could be…safe hedge when the image is unclear — keeps you speaking
Structure your 1 minute — don't improvise
① Open (5 sec): "Both photos show…"state the common theme — don't start describing randomly
② Brief description (15 sec): "In the first… whereas in the second…"one contrast only — do not describe every detail
③ Speculate & compare (30 sec): "They might be feeling… because… / The main difference is…"this is where marks are earned — use modals + reasons
④ Answer the question (10 sec): "I think the reason they chose… is…"always end by directly addressing the task question
🗺️ Part 3 — Collaborative Task: Spidergram (3 min discussion + 1 min decision)
You and your partner see a central question with 5 options arranged around it (a spidergram / mind map). First discuss all options together (3 min). Then the examiner asks you to agree on one (1 min). The key skill here is interactive communication — react to what your partner says, don't just take turns monologuing.
Opening the task / Suggesting to start
Shall we start with…?invites partner to agree before you begin
What do you think about… first?hands initiative to partner
Let's look at each option. How about starting with…?structured approach
I think… could be really important because…gives your opinion and invites reaction
Asking for your partner's opinion
What do you think?simple and essential — use it often
Do you agree with that?checks alignment
How do you feel about…?softer than "do you think"
Would you say that… is more important than…?prompts comparison
Don't you think that…?mild challenge — shows interaction
Agreeing / Partially agreeing
That's a good point.acknowledge before adding
Yes, I think you're right. In fact…agreement + extension
I can see what you mean, although…soft disagreement — very natural
That makes sense, but I wonder if…adds a counter-consideration
Absolutely, especially because…strong agreement + reason
Disagreeing politely
I'm not sure I agree, because…classic polite disagreement
I see it slightly differently.non-confrontational opener
Do you really think so? I'd say…questions partner's view
That's true to some extent, but…concedes partially then redirects
Managing time / Moving on
Shall we move on to…?pace the conversation — don't get stuck on one option
We haven't talked about… yet.ensures all options get covered
What about the option of…?introduces the next point
Let's come back to that — first…park an idea and keep moving
Reaching an agreement (the 1-min decision)
So, shall we go with…?proposes a final answer
I think we both agree that… is the most important.summarises the shared view
Out of all the options, I'd choose… because…gives a clear decision with reason
Let's decide on… — we both said it was the most…links decision to earlier discussion
💬 Part 4 — Discussion with Examiner (4 min)
The examiner asks both candidates broader, more abstract questions on the same theme as Part 3 (e.g. opinions on society, technology, environment). There are no right or wrong answers. Show your ability to justify, give examples, and react to the other speaker.
Giving opinions
In my opinion… / Personally, I think…clear opinion markers
As far as I'm concerned…strong personal stance
I strongly believe that…emphatic — use for topics you feel sure about
I tend to think that…hedged — good for nuanced topics
From my point of view…signals subjectivity
Hedging & Nuancing
It depends on…shows you can see both sides
To some extent, yes, but…partial agreement, leads to your point
In some cases… but in others…nuanced view
I suppose it could be argued that…introduces another perspective
It's not always that simple because…resists oversimplification
Expanding & Exemplifying
For example… / For instance…always follow an opinion with an example
What I mean is…clarifies what you just said
Take… as an example — in that case…concrete illustration
In fact, I think… which shows that…reinforces with evidence
This is particularly true when…narrows to a specific context
Reacting to the other candidate
That's an interesting point. I'd add that…acknowledge + extend
I hadn't thought of it that way, but…genuine engagement, very natural
I agree with what [name] said, although…reference your partner explicitly
Actually, I think it's slightly different because…polite counter
🔄 Conversation Flow & Interaction
These phrases separate a B1 monologue from a B2 genuine conversation. Interactive Communication is an explicit marking criterion — react to your partner, keep the dialogue alive, and avoid long silences.
Agreeing — full spectrum
Absolutely! / Exactly! / Definitely!strong agreement — only when you genuinely agree 100%
Yes, I totally agree. In fact, I'd also add that…agree + extend — shows interaction AND vocabulary range
That's a really good point.acknowledge your partner explicitly before adding your own view
I couldn't agree more — especially because…emphatic agreement with a reason
I can see what you mean, and I think…softer agreement — adds your own perspective
That makes a lot of sense. Similarly, I feel that…links your point to theirs naturally
Partially agreeing / Nuancing
I see your point, but I'm not entirely sure because…concedes part, then redirects — very natural
To some extent, yes, but I wonder if…partial concession — shows nuance
That's true, although it depends on…adds a condition — sophisticated B2 move
I partly agree, but on the other hand…signals balance — examiners value this
You have a point, though I think it's more a question of…refines the argument without outright disagreeing
Disagreeing — politely but clearly
I'm not sure I agree with that, because…classic polite disagreement — always add a reason
I see it a bit differently — I think…non-confrontational, leads smoothly into your view
That's an interesting idea, but have you considered…?challenges with a question — very interactive
I'm afraid I disagree, because…"I'm afraid" softens the disagreement in a formal way
I can understand why you think that, but…shows empathy before disagreeing — very B2
Do you really think so? I'd say…questions their position — signals debate, not argument
Keeping the conversation going
What do you think? / How about you?hand the turn to your partner — use every 30–40 seconds in Part 3
Do you think that's more important than…?prompts comparison — very useful in Part 3 to discuss options
Building on what you said, I think…explicitly continues the thread — shows you were listening
Going back to your point about…refers back to an earlier idea — makes conversation feel natural
That makes me think about…natural idea transition — links topics organically
Shall we move on to [option] now?pace management in Part 3 — ensures all 5 options get discussed
When you're stuck or run out of ideas
Let me think about that for a moment…buys 2–3 seconds naturally — never stay silent
I'm not entirely sure, but I'd say…hedges and keeps you talking — always better than "I don't know"
What I'm trying to say is…rephrase if you lose the thread mid-sentence
I haven't really thought about this before, but…honest and natural — doesn't sound like you're avoiding
It's difficult to say, but from my experience…bridge to a personal example when abstract ideas dry up
It's kind of like… / it's similar to… / you know, the thing that…paraphrase strategy — never stop because of one missing word
🎯 General Tips & Common Mistakes
What the examiner is looking for
Grammar & VocabularyRange and accuracy — vary your structures, don't repeat the same words
Discourse ManagementOrganise your ideas clearly; don't stop abruptly or ramble without structure
PronunciationClear enough to understand, natural rhythm — accents are fine
Interactive CommunicationReact to your partner, take turns, invite opinions — this is heavily weighted in Parts 3–4
Common mistakes to avoid
❌ Describing photos without comparingAlways use: "whereas / while / on the other hand / both / unlike"
❌ Monologuing in Part 3Ask "What do you think?" every 30–40 sec — interaction is the whole point
❌ Saying "I don't know" and stoppingAlways follow with "but I suppose…" or "I'd say…"
❌ Staying on one option too long in Part 3You have 3 minutes for 5 options — manage pace, use "Shall we move on?"
❌ Yes/No answers in Part 1Always add: reason + example or personal experience
❌ Translating from your L1If you're stuck, rephrase: "What I'm trying to say is…" — never go silent
Self-correction phrases
I mean… / What I meant to say was…natural self-correction — examiners like this
Sorry, let me rephrase that…gives you a fresh start
Actually, I should say…corrects yourself mid-sentence
Or rather…precise, native-sounding correction
🧑🤝🧑 Topic Vocabulary: Solo vs Group Activities
One of the most common FCE Part 2 scenarios: two photos contrasting a group experience vs a solo one — watching a film at the cinema vs at home alone, studying together vs independently, hiking with friends vs running alone. Having this vocabulary ready means you can compare and speculate fluently without hesitating.
Group activity expressions
meet up with friends / hang out with friendsquedar con amigos — the most natural way to say it
go to the cinema / watch a film togetherir al cine — shared experience, social atmosphere
study in a group / revise togetherestudiar en grupo — peer support, collaborative
go hiking / go on a group excursion / go on a day tripir de excursión — adventure, shared effort
go for a walk with friends / go for a stroll togetherir a dar un paseo — casual, social
go trekking / go on a hike in the mountainshacer senderismo / salir a la montaña
eat out together / have a meal with friendssalir a comer — catching up, bonding over food
play team sports / do a group fitness classdeporte en equipo / clase grupal
go camping / travel as a groupir de acampada / viajar en grupo
Solo activity expressions
go for a run / go jogging on your ownsalir a correr solo — personal fitness, clearing your head
study alone / work independently at homeestudiar solo — focus, no distractions
watch a film at home / stream a series by yourselfver una peli en casa solo — comfort, own pace
go for a solo walk / wander around on your owndar un paseo solo — thinking time, unwinding
pursue a hobby alone (reading, painting, gaming)tener un hobby en solitario
work out at the gym / do yoga aloneentrenar solo — self-discipline, personal goals
spend time in nature on your own / go for a solo hikesalir a la naturaleza solo — mindfulness, peace
enjoy your own company / recharge on your owndisfrutar de la soledad / recargar pilas
Adjectives to describe atmosphere & mood
lively / vibrant / buzzing / sociablefor group settings — lots of energy and interaction
motivating / stimulating / energisingbeing with others pushes you to do more
fun / enjoyable / entertainingsimple but effective — never underestimate them
peaceful / tranquil / calming / quietfor solo settings — absence of noise and distraction
relaxing / restorative / refreshing / unwindingthe solo activity gives you a sense of recovery
liberating / freeing / independentno one else's pace or preferences to follow
focused / concentrated / undistractedsolo = better concentration, especially studying
isolated / lonely (negative side of solo)useful for showing balance — not everyone likes being alone
Speculating about solo vs group — ready phrases
They seem to enjoy the social aspect of doing this together.opens the group side — immediate comparison signal
Being with others can be more motivating, especially for…explains WHY group is better — add the activity
Doing it alone gives you more freedom to go at your own pace.classic solo advantage — works for studying, hiking, running
They look as if they're really enjoying each other's company.visual inference about the group photo
In contrast, this person seems to prefer the peace and quiet of being on their own.pivots to the solo photo — strong contrast
I imagine they chose to do this together because it's more fun / less daunting when…speculates about the reason for the group choice
One advantage of being alone is that you can focus without any distractions.studying or reading scenario — very common
On the other hand, doing this in a group means you can share the experience and support each other.general advantage of group — works for almost any activity
🏙️ Topic Vocabulary: City vs Countryside
Another classic FCE Part 2 pair: urban vs rural life — skyscrapers and traffic vs open fields and quiet villages. These cards give you the vocabulary to describe, compare, and speculate fluently about either setting.
City life — expressions
live in a big city / live in an urban areavivir en una ciudad grande / zona urbana
a bustling city centre / a vibrant neighbourhoodun centro animado / un barrio con vida — bustling = lleno de actividad
skyscrapers / high-rise buildings / tower blocksrascacielos / edificios de gran altura
traffic jams / rush hour / heavy traffic / congestionatascos / hora punta / tráfico denso / congestión
commute to work / rely on public transportdesplazarse al trabajo / depender del transporte público
a fast-paced lifestyle / a hectic daily routineun ritmo de vida acelerado / una rutina frenética
amenities (shops, restaurants, hospitals, gyms)servicios / comodidades — key word in any city vs country comparison
cultural opportunities (museums, galleries, concerts)oferta cultural — strong argument for city life
noise pollution / air pollution / overcrowdingcontaminación acústica / del aire / masificación — the downsides
Countryside & village life — expressions
live in the countryside / in a rural areavivir en el campo / en una zona rural
a small village / a quiet market townun pueblo pequeño / un pueblo tranquilo con mercado
open spaces / fields, forests, rolling hills, mountainsespacios abiertos / campos, bosques, colinas, montañas
fresh air / clean environment / surrounded by natureaire puro / entorno limpio / rodeado de naturaleza
a slow-paced lifestyle / a peaceful way of lifeun ritmo de vida tranquilo / un estilo de vida pausado
a close-knit community / everyone knows each otheruna comunidad unida / todo el mundo se conoce
stunning scenery / breathtaking landscapes / wildlifepaisajes impresionantes / fauna y flora — great for describing photos
limited transport links / need a car to get aroundtransporte limitado / necesitas coche para moverte — a downside
lack of amenities / fewer job opportunitiesfalta de servicios / menos oportunidades laborales — otra desventaja
peaceful / tranquil / serene / calm / quietcountryside positives — the quality of life argument
scenic / picturesque / unspoilt / idylliccountryside positives — describing the visual setting in a photo
remote / isolated / cut off / lacking in facilitiescountryside negatives — balance your argument
Ready phrases for comparing both settings
City life tends to offer far more opportunities in terms of…opens the city argument — add: work, entertainment, services…
One of the main advantages of living in the countryside is…opens the rural argument — add: peace, nature, safety…
People in cities have access to a much wider range of amenities.factual, strong — always works in this comparison
On the downside, urban life can be quite stressful and overwhelming due to…balances the city argument — shows nuance
Rural areas may lack some facilities, but the quality of life is often higher because…classic counterargument for countryside — very B2
In contrast, this photo shows a much more relaxed, rural setting where…pivots from city photo to countryside photo
I imagine living in such a busy city must be quite exciting, but also exhausting.speculates with balance — not too black and white
The setting looks very peaceful — it gives the impression that life there moves at a much slower pace.describes atmosphere in the photo + links to lifestyle
No results found.
Final Tips — Classic FCE Traps
The mistakes that cost marks even when you know the grammar. One wrong word, one missed apostrophe, one register slip. These are the patterns examiners exploit most.
🧠 Grammar Traps
so / such — the word class decides
so + adjective / adverbIt was so cold. / She ran so fast. — so goes before adj or adv alone
such (a/an) + (adj) + nounIt was such a cold day. / They are such kind people. — such goes before noun phrases
✗ Common errorssuch cold (no noun) · so a cold day (noun follows) · such cold weather ✓ (uncountable — no article)
💡 Test: is there a noun? → such. Only adj/adv? → so. Such bad weather / so bad.
too / enough — order matters
too + adjective/adverbIt's too hot (to go out). — too = more than acceptable, negative connotation
adjective + enoughShe isn't tall enough (to reach it). — enough comes AFTER the adjective
enough + nounWe have enough time. — enough comes BEFORE the noun
✗ Common errorsenough tall · too much cold (cold is adjective, not noun → too cold) · too enough
💡 Part 4 pattern: "She's too young to vote." → KEY: old → She isn't old enough to vote.
used to / be used to / get used to
used to + bare infinitivePast habit or state that no longer exists. I used to live in Madrid. (I don't now)
be used to + noun / -ingAccustomed to something now. I am used to waking up early. (it's normal for me)
get used to + noun / -ingThe process of becoming accustomed. I'm getting used to the cold. (still adjusting)
✗ Common errorsI am used to wake up (needs -ing) · I used to living here (bare inf only for past habit)
make / do / take / have — collocations you must know
makea decision · a mistake · a suggestion · an effort · a noise · progress · friends · an appointment · a difference
dohomework · research · your best · damage · harm · a course · sport/exercise · the washing up · a favour
takea photo · a break · part (in) · an exam · responsibility · advice · a risk · place · turns
havea good time · a conversation · an argument · a shower · a look · a rest · difficulty · trouble · fun
💡 Part 1 trap: all four options are these verbs. The meaning fits all of them — only the collocation is right for one.
say / tell / speak / talk
say + sth (to sb)She said (that) she was tired. / He said goodbye. — no direct object person
tell + sb + sthShe told me (that) she was tired. — always needs a person as object: tell me/him/her/them
speak / talk + to/with sbCan I speak to the manager? / We talked about the project. — about the act of communicating
✗ Common errorsShe said me · She told that · He talked me about
wish / if only — which tense?
wish + past simpleRegret about the present. I wish I knew the answer. (I don't know it now)
wish + past perfectRegret about the past. I wish I had studied harder. (I didn't study hard — it's over)
wish + wouldIrritation about someone else's behaviour. I wish you would stop talking. (= please stop)
✗ Common errorsI wish I know (present simple) · I wish I would know (would for yourself)
💡 If only = exactly the same rules as wish, just more emphatic: If only I had listened!
📝 Use of English — Traps by Part
Part 1 — Multiple Choice Cloze
All 4 options mean the same thingThat's the point — the meaning fits all, only the collocation is right. Read what comes after the gap, not just before.
Check: preposition after the wordinterested in not at · depend on not of · responsible for not of. The prep eliminates most options.
Watch out for phrasal verb trapscarry out ≠ carry on ≠ carry away — particle changes the meaning entirely
💡 If stuck: eliminate the two you're most sure are wrong, then choose between the remaining two — 50% is better than 25%.
Part 2 — Open Cloze (most tested words)
Articles: a / an / the / ØFirst mention → a/an · Specific/second mention → the · Uncountable/plural general → Ø. I have a dog. The dog is friendly.
there / itThere is a problem. (existence) vs It is cold. (weather, time, distance, cleft). Often gapped as single word.
which / who / whose / where / whenRelative clauses — the antecedent decides: person → who/whose, thing → which, place → where, time → when
although / despite / whether / unlessThe word AFTER the gap decides: clause → although/whether · noun/-ing → despite · negative condition → unless
Fixed expressions with one word missingas well as · in spite of · on behalf of · at least · as long as · in order to
💡 ONE word only — never write two words in a Part 2 gap, even if it feels right.
Part 3 — Word Formation
Step 1: what word class does the gap need?Read the sentence. Is it a noun / adjective / adverb / verb? The grammar of the sentence tells you.
Step 2: is it negative?Look for no / not / without / never near the gap — that signals a negative prefix: un-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, dis-, mis-
Negative prefix rulesim- before m/p (impossible, impatient) · ir- before r (irresponsible) · il- before l (illegal) · un- most common default · dis- often verbs (disagree, disappear)
Step 3: does it need a suffix too?happy → UNhappINESS — both prefix AND suffix sometimes needed. Don't stop at one change.
Spelling changes to watchbeauty → beautiful (not beautifull) · possible → possibility (e drops) · happy → happiness (y → i)
💡 Always check: singular or plural? Positive or negative? Getting both right is worth the full mark.
Part 4 — Key Word Transformations
2–5 words total (including the key word)Count carefully. I'd = 2 words (I + would). she's = 2 words (she + is/has). Contractions always count as two.
NEVER change the key wordNot its form, not its tense. If key = MAKE, write make — not made, making, or makes.
Each question has two scoreable halves2 marks per question, 1 for each half. A partially correct answer still scores 1. Never leave blank.
The key word signals the structureWISH → wish + past/past perfect · UNLESS → negative conditional · DESPITE → + noun/-ing · HAVE → causative or present perfect
Copy words from the original sentence exactlyWords you transfer from sentence 1 must be spelled identically. A spelling mistake loses the mark for that half.
✍️ Writing — Register & Format Mistakes
Register — the single most penalised mistake
Pick a register and keep it throughoutStarting formal then slipping into contractions (I'm, don't) is an immediate mark loss. The examiner checks every line.
Formal: no contractionsEssays, reports, formal letters → I am, do not, it is, I would. Never: I'm, don't, it's, I'd.
Informal: contractions OK, slang noInformal emails → I'm writing, don't worry, it'd be great ✓ · Slang: gonna, wanna, yeah ✗ even in informal tasks
Informal sign-off ≠ formal salutationDear Sir or Madam… Lots of love ✗ · Hi Tom… Yours faithfully ✗ — opening and closing must match
Essay & article — openings that lose marks
✗ Never write theseI am writing to tell you about… (essay opener — this is for emails) · In my opinion I think that… (redundant double) · Nowadays in today's society… (redundant)
✓ Strong essay openersIt is widely accepted that… / The question of… is increasingly relevant. / In recent years, there has been much debate surrounding…
Articles need a TITLEWrite a catchy title before the first paragraph. Essays do not need one. Reports need headings.
Word count: stay within ±10%Target is usually 140–190 words. Under 126 → marks deducted. Over 209 → examiner stops reading. Count before you submit.
Linkers — variety is scored explicitly
Avoid repeating the same linkerUsing and, but, also for every connection is a B1 pattern. Examiners award marks for a range of cohesive devices.
Contrast: rotate theseHowever · Nevertheless · On the other hand · Despite this · While · Although · In contrast — use at least 3 different ones per essay
Addition: don't only use "also"Furthermore · Moreover · In addition · What is more · Not only… but also
Conclusion: never just "In conclusion,"Follow with a real summary point: In conclusion, while both views have merit, I believe… outweighs… — not just restating the intro
⏱️ Exam Day — Time & Strategy
Time allocation — Reading & Use of English (75 min)
Part 1 (Multiple choice cloze)~8 min — read whole text first, then gaps
Part 2 (Open cloze)~10 min — one word only, read whole sentence before writing
Part 3 (Word formation)~8 min — check word class, check negative, check spelling
Part 4 (Key word transformations)~12 min — 2 marks each, count words, never leave blank
Parts 5–7 (Reading)~37 min — spend the most time here, it has the most marks
💡 Never leave any answer blank. Wrong = 0. Blank = 0. A guess has positive expected value.
Speaking — what the examiner actually scores
Grammar & Vocabulary (range matters)Using nevertheless, regardless, it strikes me that… is more impressive than correct simple sentences. Aim for B2 range.
Discourse managementKeep talking. Link ideas. Use fillers: What I mean is… / That's an interesting point… / Building on that… — silence is the only real mistake.
Interactive communication (Part 3)Ask your partner: What do you think? / Do you agree? / How about you? — the examiner explicitly scores this.
Pronunciation: clarity, not accentYou are not penalised for a Spanish accent. You are penalised for being unintelligible. Speak clearly, not fast.
💡 Part 2: you have 1 minute. Don't describe every detail — compare and speculate from the start: "Both photos show… however…"